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Major Resources of Each State

John Kerry... Secretary of State

Jack Lew... Secretary of the Treasury

Ashton B. Carter... Secretary of Defense

Loretta Lynch... Attorney General

Sally Jewell... Secretary of the Interior

Tom J. Vilsack... Secretary of Agriculture

Penny Pritzker... Secretary of Commerce

Thomas E. Perez... Secretary of Labor

Sylvia Mathews Burwell... Secretary of Health and Human Services

Julián Castro... Secretary of Housing and Urban Development

Anthony Foxx... Secretary of Transportation

Ernest Moniz... Secretary of Energy

Anne Duncan... Secretary of Education

Robert McDonald... Secretary of Veterans Affairs

Jeh Johnson... Secretary of Homeland Security

Texas House Members

1) Vice President, 2) Speaker of the House, 3) President pro tempore of the Senate, 4) Secretary of State, 5) Secretary of the Treasury, 6) Secretary of Defense, 7) Attorney General, 8) Secretary of Agriculture, 9) Secretary of Commerce, 10) Secretary of Labor, 11) Secretary of Health and Human Services, 12) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, 13) Secretary of Transportation, 14) Secretary of Energy, 15) Secretary of Education, 16) Secretary of Veterans Affairs, 17) Secretary of Homeland Security.

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Fort Sumter

The first engagement of the Civil War took place at Fort Sumter on April 12 and 13, 1861. After 34 hours of fighting, the Union surrendered the fort to the Confederates. From 1863 to 1865, the Confederates at Fort Sumter withstood a 22 month siege by Union forces. During this time, most of the fort was reduced to brick rubble.

First Battle of Bull Run

Public demand pushed General-in-Chief Winfield Scott to advance on the South before adequately training Union troops. Scott ordered General Irvin McDowell to advance on Confederate troops stationed at Manassas Junction, Virginia. McDowell attacked on July 21, and was initially successful, but the introduction of Confederate reinforcements resulted in a Southern victory and a chaotic retreat toward Washington by federal troops.

Second Battle of Bull Run

The Second Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) proved to be the deciding battle in the Civil War campaign waged between Union and Confederate armies in northern Virginia in 1862.

Battle of Antietam

Lee invaded Maryland hoping the state would help the South. Instead, Lee was pinned down at Antietam creek by George McClellan after his plans were discovered wrapped around some cigars.

Battle of Shiloh

Shiloh was a decisive and bloody battle. The South needed a win to make up defeats in Kentucky and Tennessee. It also needed to stop the Union’s attack down the Mississippi Valley. Memphis and Vicksburg were now vulnerable, and after Corinth there was now doubt that those cities would be the next targets. Johnston and Beauregard made a surprise attack while the Union rested. Grant and his men lost their over-confidence after this near defeat. They now knew that this war was going to be, in the words of a Union Soldier, "A very bloody affair."

Emancipation Proclamation

The Emancipation Proclamation was Issued after the Union victory at Antietam, the Emancipation Proclamation had both moral and strategic implications for the ongoing Civil War. President Abraham Lincoln carefully framed the conflict as concerning the preservation of the Union rather than the abolition of slavery.

Battle of Vicksburg

At the time of the Civil War, the Mississippi River was the single most important economic feature of the continent. Confederate forces closed the river, which hurt the northern economy. Grant realized that Vicksburg could not be taken by storm and decided to lay siege to the city. Slowly his army established a line of trenches and dirt forts around Vicksburgand cut it off from supply and communications with the outside world.

Battle of Gettysburg

After success at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, Lee invades the north again. After trying to break the union lines for 2 days, Lee tries a frontal assault on entrenched union forces. This was known as Pickett’s charge. This attempt failed miserably. Lee ultimately retreats to Virginia.

Atlanta Falls; Sherman leads march to the sea

The siege of Atlanta by General Sherman ended with the burning of the city by Union troops. After burning the city, Sherman began his famous march to the sea, during which his troops looted and plundered their way across Georgia, destroying nearly everything in their path.

Battle of the Wilderness

The Battle of the Wilderness marked the first stage of a major Union offensive toward the Confederate capital of Richmond, ordered by the newly named Union General-in-Chief Ulysses S. Grant in the spring of 1864.

Battle of Cold Harbor

The battles of Cold Harbor were two Civil War engagements that took place about 10 miles northeast of Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital. The First Battle of Cold Harbor, more commonly known as the Battle of Gaines’ Mill, was part of the Peninsula campaign of 1862 and resulted in a Union defeat, as Major General George McClellan was forced to abandon plans to march on Richmond. Confederate General Robert E. Lee secured another victory two years later, in June 1864, at the Second Battle of Cold Harbor, one of the most lopsided engagements of the war.

By the end of 1862, which side was in a stronger position? Why?

The Confederates had a stronger position during the first half of the war, having won several battles. In the East in 1862, the Battle of Seven Days, the Second Battle of Bull Run, the Battle of Antietam, and the Battle of Fredericksburg were all fought. During these battles, the Union had three different commanders. Lincoln was having a difficult time finding a capable and successful commander to lead the Union troops. At the end of 1862, the two armies were near Fredericksburg, since that was the last battle fought. The Confederacy was overall more successful in achieving their objectives - they had strong military commanders and they were winning most of the battles up to this point.

The U.S. government administered several policies to deal with the Indians. Under the 1) Northwest Ordinance of 1787, Indians were to be treated with good faith and their land and property would not be confiscated. Settlers received military protection as they pushed forward into the Natives' land, and this resulted in several battles. In 1830, Congress authorized the President to negotiate treaties and remove the rest of the Eastern Indians west of the Mississippi River. in the 2) Indian Removal Act. Federal agents bribed, threatened, and used liquor to trick Indians into agreeing to these one-sided treaties, eventually leading to the "Trail of Tears." The government also ordered every buffalo dead, knowing full well that that animal was the livelihood of the Native Americans. 3) The Dawes Act was the third policy. It was adopted by Congress in 1887, and it authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments of 160 acres for individual Indians and their families. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted United States citizenship. "Surplus" reservation lands were made available to white settlers. Sadly, this act failed by not benefiting the Indians. They were not assigned good land, and "Americanization" destroyed Indian culture and the traditional status of Indian women. Indians also ended up losing 90 million out of 140 million acres of reservation land.

On November 29, 1864, seven hundred members of the Colorado Territory militia embarked on an attack of Cheyenne and Arapaho Indian villages. After a night of heavy drinking by the soldiers, U.S. Army Col. John Chivington ordered the massacre of the Indians. Over two-thirds of the slaughtered and maimed were women and children. This atrocity has been known as the Sand Creek Massacre ever since.

The Battle of Wounded Knee is considered the last Indian battle of the 1800s.

Gold and silver were what lured as many as 1,000 new miners per week to the West. Miners developed the technology of hydraulic mining to remove large quantities of earth and process it for minerals. The Pacific Region is formed by five states - Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon and Washington - and, as its name suggests, they all have coastlines on the Pacific Ocean (and are the only states that border that ocean). The region's milder climate, natural resources of silver, gold, lead, copper, lumber, preserved salmon, and produce, and the fur trade all offered unique economical opportunities to Western settlers. Large businesses usually benefited more from gold and silver mining than individual prospectors because they could easily afford new technologies that dug deeper and yielded more minerals than individuals who may not have the same access to this kind of equipment.

A vaquero was a cowboy in the Spanish-speaking part of the U.S. that herded cattle on haciendas. Cattle was driven long distances to a railroad depot for fast transport and great profit in excursions called long drives. Joseph McCoy was a 19th-century entrepreneur famous for promoting the transport of Longhorn cattle from Texas to the eastern United States.

Some problems brought an end to the Great Cattle Drive. First, Ranchers and Farmers started to use barbed wire to fence off their property. There was an oversupply of animals on the market due to Eastern and British investors, resulting in plummeting prices and the bankruptcy of many ranchers. Blizzards during the harsh winter of 1886 and 1887 completely covered the Plains in very deep snow, and the cattle population drastically declined.

Most of the cattle trails started in Texas and ended near railroad stations further north in states like Nebraska and Kansas.

The federal government encouraged settlement on the Great Plains by passing the Homestead Act, which provided settlers 160 acres of public land. In exchange, homesteaders paid a small filing fee and were required to complete five years of continuous residence before receiving ownership of the land.

Unfortunately, farmers faced many problems such as extreme summer and winter temperatures, blizzards, low rainfall, prairie fires, grasshopper swarms, lack of trees (sod houses), and they were required to drill deep wells to get water.

Farmers were victims of their own success. They worked very hard planting seeds in the ground, causing lose soil and dust storms. Sodbusters lost their homesteads because of drought, wind erosion, and ultimately overusing the land.

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Indians of the Plains

Miners and Lumbering

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